Synthetic dyes can act as alternative ligands for proteins and can be used as part of a protein purification protocol for chromatography.
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Chromatography is the separation of compounds from a mixture. Specific proteins can be separated from a mixture, and frequently affinity chromatography is used for this purpose. Here, ligands that interact with the targeted proteins are used to capture these proteins as the sample is passed through the chromatography column.
However, the ligands used in these columns, such as antibodies, lectins and nucleotide co-factors, are unstable, expensive and have a low capacity. Also, they may not be readily soluble, which could cause problems for use in chromatography.
Can dyes help?
Synthetic dyes can also act as ligands for proteins. The dyes used are based on a chromophore, typically either azo, anthraquinone or phthalocyanine, and also have a reactive part, typically a chlorotriazine ring. The chromophore gives the color to the dye and should have sulfonic groups to allow it to be soluble in water. The reactive part allows the dye to bind to the matrix.
Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic dyes
Synthetic dyes are inexpensive, can easily be immobilized onto the matrix of the chromatography, are resistant to chemical or enzymatic degradation, , and have a capacity far higher than other ligands. Thus, this technique is good for large scale protein purification.
However, even with those advantages, dyes are not as specific as other types of ligands, potentially limiting their usage. Alternatively, this low specificity could be an advantage as it could reduce the need for having to use multiple ligands.
Increased understanding of how these dyes interact with proteins have led to an improvement in the design of the dyes. Synthetic dyes (also known as “biomimetic dye-ligands”) are relatively new and are designed to mimic biological ligands, either structurally or by mimicking ligand-protein interaction. It is believed that these biomimetic dye-ligands have increased sensitivity over the older dyes.
How do these dyes bind to proteins?
Several studies have shown that dyes such as Cibacron Blue 3-GA bind readily to nucleotide binding regions of certain enzymes. Although, there is always the possibility that the dye will bind to other regions of the proteins.
For non-enzymatic proteins, Cibacron Blue 3-GA can bind using other mechanisms, including ionic forces, hydrophobic interactions, or exclusion-diffusion.
Ionic forces
This is the most dominant fashion by which Cibacron Blue 3-GA binds to proteins. The dye binds to proteins that have non-polar regions though the aromatic rings, or to proteins that have a positively charged region through the sulfonate residues.
Hydrophobic interactions
This is used less than ionic forces, and they seem to be increased by ionic strength while decreased by lower temperatures.
Exclusion-diffusion
This is seen infrequently, but the principle of exclusion-diffusion is the way in which unbound proteins of a higher molecular weight are removed from the chromatography column first, with the protein of lowest molecular weight being eluted last. This only seems to occur at around pH 9.
Dye-ligand chromatography protocol
The chromatography process depends on a variety of factors, including dye concentration, buffer conditions, flow rate, and column geometry. The following steps are involved:
- Purification of the dye
- Immobilizing the dye onto the chromatography matrix
- Running the chromatogram
Purification of the dye
First, the dyes need to be purified as they are usually stored in buffers with added stabilizers, and could also have other contaminants. Labrou suggested the use of a gel filtration column chromatography for this purpose.
Immobilizing the dye onto the chromatography matrix
In the next stage, the dye is immobilized onto the matrix, and this can be either through the chlorotriazine ring or by a spacer molecule. Using a spacer molecule, such as hexamethyldiamine, may increase the dye selectivity due to the reduction of steric interference from the matrix. After the dye is immobilized, the matrix is washed to remove the excess dye.
Running the chromatogram
The matrix with the dye is de-gassed, and then packed into a chromatography column. The de-gassing is to prevent air bubbles from forming. The column is washed with buffer, prior to the loading of the protein samples.
Once the protein sample has passed through the column, the column is washed with the buffer again to remove any proteins that did not bind to the dye, and this fraction is collected as well.
A second buffer is then used to elute the bound proteins from the column and the resulting second fraction is also collected. Both fractions are then tested for the absence/presence of the protein(s) of interest.
Affinity Chromatography | Protein Separation
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